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Active Hydrogen Adrenal Extracts Alanine Alpha-Linolenic Acid Alpha-Lipoic Acid AMP Amylase Inhibitors Arginine Bee Pollen Beta Carotene Beta-glucan Betaine Beta-Sitosterol Biotin Borage Oil Boron Bovine Cartilage Bovine Colostrum Brewer's Yeast Bromelain Calcium Capsaicin Carnitine Carnosine Chitosan Chloride Chlorophyll Chondroitin Chromium CLA Cobalt Coenzyme Q10 Copper Creatine Cysteine DHA DHEA DMAE EGCG Evening Primrose Oil 5-HTP Fiber (Insoluble) Fiber (Soluble) Fish Oil Flavonoids Fluoride Folate Fumaric Acid GABA Gamma-Linolenic Acid Glucomannan Glucosamine Glutamic Acid Glutamine Glutathione Glycine Grape Seed Extract Histidine HMB Hydroxycitric Acid Indole Inosine Inositol Iodine Ipriflavone Iron Isoleucine Lactase Lecithin Leucine Lipase Lutein Lycopene Lysine Magnesium Malic Acid Manganese Mannose Melatonin Methionine Methoxyisoflavone Molybdenum MSM N-Acetyl Cysteine NADH Naringin Niacin Octacosanol Oligosaccharides Olive Leaf Extract Ornithine Oryzanol PABA Pancreatic Enzymes Pantothenic Acid Phenylalanine Phosphatidylserine Phosphorus Phytic Acid Policosanol Potassium Pregnenolone Probiotics Propolis Psyllium Pyridoxine Pyruvate Quercetin Resveratrol Retinol Riboflavin Ribose Royal Jelly SAMe Selenium Shark Cartilage Silicon Sodium Spirulina Spleen Extracts St. John's Wort Strontium Sulforaphane Sulfur Taurine Thiamine Tocopherol Tea Tree Oil Tyrosine Usnic Acid Valine Vanadium Vinpocetine Vitamin A Vitamin B1 Vitamin B2 Vitamin B3 Vitamin B5 Vitamin B6 Vitamin B9 Vitamin B12 Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin H Vitamin K Whey Protein Xylitol Zinc
Abalone Shell (shi jue ming)
Abutilon Seed (dong kui zi)
Acanthopanax Bark (wu jia pi)
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Aconite (fu zi)
Acorus (shi chang pu)
Adenophora Root (nan sha shen)
Agkistrodon (bai hua she)
Agrimony (xian he cao)
Ailanthus Bark (chun pi)
Akebia Fruit (ba yue zha)
Albizzia Bark (he huan pi)
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Alisma (ze xie)
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Alum (bai fan)
Amber (hu po)
Ampelopsis (bai lian)
Andrographis (chuan xin lian)
Anemarrhena (zhi mu)
Antelope's Horn (ling yang jiao)
Apricot Seed (xing ren)
Areca Peel (da fu pi)
Areca Seed (bing lang)
Arisaema (tian nan xing)
Ark Shell (wa leng zi)
Arnebia (zi cao or ying zi cao)
Arnica (arnica montana)
Artichoke Leaves (Cynara scolymus)
Ash bark (qin pi)
Ashwagandha (withania somniferum)
Aster (zi wan)
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Chinese Gall (wu bei zi)
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Clam Shell (hai ge ke/qiao)
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Cranberry (vaccinium macrocarpon)
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Elder (sambucus nigra or sambucus canadensis)
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Erythrina Bark (hai tong pi)
Eucalyptus (eucalyptus globulus)
Eucommia Bark (du zhong)
Eupatorium (pei lan)
Euphorbia Root (gan sui or kan sui)
Euryale Seed (qian shi)
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Honey (feng mi)
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Isatis Root (ban lan gen)
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Nutmeg (rou dou kou)
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Oroxylum Seed (mu hu die)
Oryza (gu ya)
Oyster Shell (mu li)
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Patrinia (bai jiang cao)
Pau D'Arco (tabebuia avellanedae)
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Poppy Capsule (ying su qiao)
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Prinsepia Seed (rui ren/zi)
Prunella (xia ku cao)
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Pumice (fu hai shi)
Pumpkin Seed (nan gua zi)
Purslane (ma chi xian)
Pyrite (zi ran tong)
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Quisqualis (shi jun zi)
Radish (lai fu zi)
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Red Atractylodes (cang zhu)
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Red Ochre (dai zhe shi)
Red Peony (chi shao)
Red Sage Root (dan shen)
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Rhubarb (da huang)
Rice Paper Pith (tong cao)
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Sandalwood (tan xiang)
Sanguisorba Root (di yu)
Sappan Wood (su mu)
Sargent Gloryvine (hong teng)
Saw Palmetto (ju zong lu)
Schefflera (qi ye lian)
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Scirpus (san leng)
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Sea Horse (hai ma)
Seaweed (hai zao)
Selaginella (shi shang bai)
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Siler Root (fang feng)
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Smilax (tu fu ling)
Smithsonite (lu gan shi)
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Sophora Root (ku shen)
Spirodela (fu ping)
Stellaria (yin chai hu)
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Stephania (fang ji [han])
Sweet Annie (qing hao)
Teasel Root (xu duan)
Tiger Bone (hu gu)
Torreya Seed (fei zi)
Tortoise Plastron (gui ban)
Tremella (bai mu er)
Trichosanthes Fruit (gua lou)
Trichosanthes Root (tian hua fen)
Trichosanthes Seed (gua lou ren)
Tsaoko Fruit (cao guo)
Turmeric (jiang huang)
Turtle Shell (bie jia)
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Urtica (xun ma)
Uva ursi (arctostaphylos uva-ursi)
Vaccaria Seed (wang bu lui xing)
Valerian (jie cao)
Veratrum (li lu)
Viola (zi hua di ding)
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Walnut (hu tao ren)
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White Mustard Seed (bai jie ze)
White Peony (bai shao)
Wild Asparagus (tian men dong)
Windmill Palm (zong lu pi/tan)
Xanthium (cang er zi)
Zedoary (e zhu)

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Fumaric Acid

What is fumaric acid? Why do we need it?

Much like vitamin D, fumaric acid is formed by the body, in the skin, during exposure to sunlight. It is related to malic acid, and is involved in the production of energy derived from food.

The exact uses of fumaric acid remain unclear. However, evidence suggests the people with psoriasis may have a biochemical disorder that interferes with the body's ability to produce adequate amounts of fumaric acid. As a result, some health care providers recommend fumaric acid to help treat psoriasis and other skin conditions.

How much fumaric acid should I take?

The amount of fumaric acid to be consumed depends on the individual being treated. Generally, patients should consult with a dermatologist before using fumaric acid to determine proper dosage. Most practitioners recommend that patients take small amounts of a fumaric acid supplement (60-100 milligrams per day, orally or topically), with the dosage increasing gradually over several weeks until an effect is seen. Only esterified forms of fumaric should be used.

What forms of fumaric acid are available?

Fumaric acid is produced naturally by the body. In addition, fumaric acid is available as a dietary supplement (to be consumed orally) and as a preparation (to be applied topically). Only esterified forms of fumaric should be used, and only after consulting with a dermatologist.

What can happen if I take too much fumaric acid? Are there any interactions I should be aware of? What precautions should I take?

Taking large amounts of fumaric acid over a short period of time may result in kidney disorders. Other side effects associated with fumaric acid intake are gastrointestinal distress, irritation of the eyes and flushing of the skin; some small studies have shown that prolonged use of fumaric acid may lower a person's white blood count, possibly making them more susceptible to infection.

As of this writing, there are no well-known drug interactions associated with fumaric acid. As always, make sure to consult with a licensed health care provider before taking fumaric acid or any other herbal remedy or dietary supplement.


References

  • Altmeyer P, Hartwig, R, Matthes U. Efficacy and safety profile of fumaric acid esters in oral long-term therapy with severe treatment refractory of psoriasis vulgaris. A study of 83 patients. Hautarzt 1996;47:190-6.
  • Altmeyer PJ, Matthes U, Pawlak F, et al. Antipsoriatic effect of fumaric acid derivatives. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;30:977-81.
  • Dalhoff K, Faerber P, Arnholdt H, et al. Acute kidney failure during psoriasis therapy with fumaric acid derivatives. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1990;115:1014-7.
  • Kolbach DN, Nieboer C. Fumaric acid therapy in psoriasis: results and side effects of 2 years of treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;27:769-71.
  • Mrowietz U, Christophers E, Altmeyer P. Treatment of psoriasis with fumaric acid esters: results of a prospective multicentre study. German multicentre study. Br J Dermatol 1998;138:456-60.
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